The ASTM D7612-21 standard offers an objective framework for identifying wood product sources. When assessing the sustainability of forests where wood comes from, there are three categories that define the source of a wood product:
Non-Controversial, Responsible, and Certified.1
Each gives different assurances of the practices that take place in the forests where wood is grown and harvested.
Products from non-controversial, or legal, sources are from geographic areas with a low risk of illegal activity or are compliant with legal or proprietary standards.
Products from responsible sources are from geographic areas in compliance with an independently certified procurement standard or from geographic areas with programs that implement best management practices.
Uncertified forests can still be responsibly managed, and it is useful to have a system in place for tracking such sources. Products from responsible sources are from geographic areas in compliance with an independently certified procurement standard or from geographic areas with programs that implement best management practices. Independently certified procurement standards include: FSC Controlled Wood and SFI Fiber Sourcing. To qualify for either standard, a manufacturer must have a system in place that verifies their logs are coming from forests with certain management practices and environmental conservation assurances.
Best management practices are practices implemented by forest managers aimed at protecting water quality during all phases of forest management. For wood products coming from U.S. forests, the National Association of State Foresters examined state best management practices and wrote a report categorizing each state’s regulatory, quasi-regulatory, and voluntary compliance regimes. State-based compliance programs are typically based on either proprietary certification standards or public legislative and regulatory processes. To qualify as ‘responsible’ under ASTM D7612, the applicable standard or forest governance in the geography documents a system designed to require compliance with best management practices to protect water quality and to ensure all fiber comes from known and legal sources. To date, Oregon is the only state to officially have an approved state-based compliance program, though other states are eligible.
Products from certified sources are independently certified to an internationally recognized forest management certification standard.
According to ASTM D7612, organizations with the most prominent forest certification programs are:
In both the U.S. and Canada, responsible forest management has resulted in nearly 70 years of increasing forest inventory, where forest growth exceeds annual forest harvests.2
In North America, working forests do not cause deforestation; trees that are harvested as a part of active forest management are replanted. WWF identified 11 places where the largest concentrations of forest loss or severe degradation are projected to occur between 2010 and 2030; none are in the U.S. or Canada.3
For the past 50 years, removals have remained below 2 percent of standing tree inventory, while net tree growth was near 3 percent. Currently, the volume of annual net timber growth is 36 percent higher than the volume of annual timber removals. Mortality remained below 1 percent of standing inventory for this period.4 The premature death of trees can be caused by drought, insects, and severe wildfires—which sustainable forestry practices help mitigate.5
Sustainable forestry—a cycle of growing, harvesting, and replanting while protecting water, wildlife, and recreation—generates forest products which provide an economic incentive for landowners to keep forests as forests, avoiding deforestation.
Data shows that global regions with the highest levels of industrial timber harvest and forest product output are also regions with the lowest rates of deforestation.6
U.S. forests provide a carbon sink of approximately 175 million tons carbon annually (640 million tons CO2e), which offsets about 10% of US GHG emissions.7
Sustainable harvest rates and replanting maintain U.S. forests’ carbon sink potential as the rate of sequestration is greater during the years of young, vigorous tree growth.8
There are 543 million acres of certified forests in the U.S. and Canada as of 2020, an 80% increase since 2010.9
Uncertified land in the wood supply chain generally falls into two buckets:
The largest percentage of landownership in the U.S. is owned by small family landowners. The cost and administrative complexity of becoming certified, in addition to alignment of landowner values, has made certification uptake difficult.10
U.S. federal timberlands are not certified due to federal policy decisions; this does not mean they are not being sustainably managed. In 2007, the Pinchot Institute conducted a study of five national forests and found their management practices met many of the certification requirements in terms of forest planning, protection of threatened and endangered species and others.11
Family forest owners are individuals, families, trusts, estates, and family partnerships. There are an estimated 10.2 million family forest ownerships across the U.S. who collectively control 33%, 250 million acres, of the nation’s forestland.12
Native American tribes own almost 2%, over 16 million acres, of forestland and woodland in the U.S. U.S. conservation and natural resource organizations, unincorporated partnerships and associations own almost 14 million acres of the nation’s forestland and woodland.13
Sustainable forest practices—including forest thinning—mitigate wildfires, cut carbon emissions, protect area waterways, maintain or enhance wildlife habitat, and create jobs in rural areas.14
In the U.S., most forest area is of natural origin. In 2015, planted forests, primarily plantations for commercial harvesting, occupied 68 million acres, not quite 9% of total forestland and 13% of the timberland.15
There is little waste associated with wood product manufacturing. Every piece of the log is used and its use varies by region. Manufacturers in the southern U.S. are using wood residuals to create a host of products we use in our everyday lives. In the Pacific Northwest, wood residuals are used to create particle board, paper, mulch, and compost which are used to enrich soil.16
The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) defines sustainable forest management as: “The stewardship and use of forests and forestlands in a way, and at a rate, that maintains their biodiversity, productivity, regeneration capacity, vitality, and their potential to fulfill, now and in the future, relevant ecological, economic, and social functions, at local, national, and global levels, and that does not cause damage to other ecosystems.”
The forest sector replants over 783 million seedlings per year (CINTRAFOR Research, 2021). According to research by the University of Washington, 23 seedlings are planted per thousand board feet of lumber produced. The rate of replanting varies by region, species, and other factors so there’s not an exact tree for tree figure. It ranges from two to five seedlings per tree harvested.
Timber takes between 25 and 100 years to mature. It varies widely by species and geographic region. For example, a loblolly pine in the U.S. Southeast can be harvested after 25 to 30 years but a ponderosa pine in the West may take 50 to 100 years to mature. 17
First, deforestation is defined as changing from a forest to a non-forest use. Urbanization, not the production of forest products, is the single biggest threats facing U.S. forests today. While landowners harvest timber from their lands, they typically also regenerate that timber and keep forests forested, especially if they can find readily accessible, healthy markets for their timber.18 While it may seem counter-intuitive, forest product demand can actually lead to more forests. Demand for forest products provides revenue to landowners, incentivizing them to invest in their forests through replanting, management, and forest health treatments. Data shows that global regions with the highest levels of industrial timber harvest and forest product output are also regions with the lowest rates of deforestation.19 Empirical data shows that higher demand leads to more supply (growth).
According to the World Wildlife Fund’s (WWF) Living Forest Report 20, the most common pressures causing deforestation and severe forest degradation are: large and small-scale agriculture; unsustainable logging; mining; infrastructure projects; and increased fire incidence and intensity. WWF identified 11 places where the largest concentrations of forest loss or severe degradation are projected to occur between 2010 and 2030, none of which are in the U.S. or Canada.
Clearcutting is a silvicultural (forest management) practice to allow sun loving tree species to have enough sunlight, so they can grow. It’s a healthy practice for certain species, like loblolly pines and Douglas fir, that require a lot of light to grow. With species that don’t need as much sunlight and are slower growing, like mixed hardwood forests in the Northeast, different management techniques are used. Clearcutting is just as sustainable as any other practice as long as forest managers are protecting the soil and re-establishing a forest after harvest, which ensures a continuous supply of trees over the long term. Forestry best management practices protect soil and water resources in and around clearcut sites. All forest management certification standards allow for clear-cuts, but each has different conditions for their use. All forest management certification standards allow for clear-cuts, but each has different
conditions for their use. Learn more about clearcutting here.
Forest owners manage for the long term. They’re planning decades ahead of harvest. Without thoughtful replanting or regeneration of harvested sites, there would be no business for the next generation. Forest management companies often use digital growth models to help them understand how their forests will grow over time and how much they can harvest on an annual basis. It doesn’t make business sense to deplete the forest and then not have anything to harvest in the future.
Architects, engineers, and other design professionals can be assured that timber is harvested sustainably through mechanisms like forest management certification, responsible fiber sourcing standards, and certification of mills, and underpinned by a robust set of state defined best management practices (BMPs) at the forest level.
The four primary land-based certification systems in North America are Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI), Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), Canadian Standards Association (CSA) and American Tree Farm System (ATFS). SFI is a single-standard North American program, FSC is a global program with regional standards that vary across the regions covered, CSA is the Canadian National Forest Management Standard, and ATFS is geared toward smaller U.S. landowners. While you can debate the nuances, each delivers strong assurances of sustainable forestry practices.
Forest certification programs set standards that address forestland management, wood fiber sourcing operations, or the chain of custody as wood moves from forest to mill to final product. There are three types of forest-related certification. 21
Forest certifications assess a landowner’s forestry practices against a series of clearly defined requirements related to sustainable harvest rates, reforestation, water quality, biodiversity, wildlife, forests of exceptional conservation value, and more. Third-party auditors verify a company’s compliance. The highest level of sustainability assurance is forest management certification. Wood is one of the few building materials that has these voluntary certification programs in place.
There are about 96 million acres of certified forests in the U.S., which is about 19% of total U.S. timberland—well above the global average of 11%.22
The area of certified forest is equivalent to approximately 11% of the global forest area, with the majority of certified area located in North American and Europe.23
U.S. federal timberlands are not certified but this does not mean they are not being sustainably managed. In 2007, the Pinchot Institute conducted a study of five national forests and found their management practices met many of the certification requirements in terms of forest planning, protection of threatened and endangered species and others.24
Some small family forest owners chose to certify their lands and other don’t. Cost, complexity, administrative burden, and the diversity of landowner objectives and values make wide-scale certification difficult for small landowners. These landowners make up 56% of timberland ownership in the U.S. (almost 290 million acres)25. Even though many of these lands are not certified, most are subject to wood fiber sourcing certification at the mills that purchase the landowners’ timber—which means trained loggers and forestry BMP implementation are required on the majority of these lands. For those landowners who choose to certify their forests, the American Tree Farm standard is designed to be implemented by smaller scale forest owners.
Every U.S. state has developed best management practices (BMPs) guidelines for water quality and other environmental concerns such as soil erosion and regeneration, endangered species protection, and more. Some states regulate forest management practices while others provide voluntary guidelines for forest managers to follow. The implementation of water quality BMPs, whether regulatory, quasi-regulatory, or non-regulatory, is monitored across the U.S. and achieves above 90% compliance in all states. This is a requirement of the Clean Water Act to which all forestry operations must comply. This is important because roughly 60% of drinking water is sourced from forests across the nation, with up to 75% in the U.S. West. Learn more about BMPs.
Carbon sequestration is closely linked to a species’ growth rate, among other factors. Since carbon is stored in the wood mass of the tree, the speed at which a tree grows correlates with the rate it is storing carbon. Some trees like the loblolly pine grow quickly and then growth slows. A tree like Douglas fir grows fairly consistently for about 100 years, with growth then slowing. In warmer climates, trees tend to grow faster. There is a wide range based on the geography, type of tree, and how the forest landscape is managed.
Both are valid ways to store carbon but only one creates wood products for buildings—buildings that will store carbon throughout their service lives. After a tree is harvested, a new one is planted to continue the cycle of carbon sequestration. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization report, “Forestry for a Low Carbon Future,” lists six key strategies for integrating forests and wood products into climate change strategies:
Carbon emissions associated with forestry activities are relatively small and do not exceed the amount of carbon stored in wood and wood products. Total GWP for sawlog production, harvesting, and loading on the truck ready for transport to the mill is 10.1 kg CO2e/m3 or 1.2% of the CO2e that is sequestered in that m3 of sawlog.27 One such study of southeastern U.S. loblolly pine found that emissions from management and harvest activities accounted for only 1.6% of the total carbon stored in the wood products and the managed forest.28
The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization defines climate-smart forestry as building on the concepts of sustainable forest management, with a strong focus on climate and ecosystem services. It builds on three mutually reinforcing components (Verkerk et al., 2020):
1) Increasing carbon storage in forests and wood products, in conjunction with the provisioning of other ecosystem services
2) Enhancing forest health and resilience through climate change adaptive forest management
3) Using wood resources sustainably to substitute non-renewable, carbon-intensive materials (pg. 60)
The U.S. produces 19% of the world’s industrial roundwood, making it the largest global producer. Still, it maintains a sustainable level of production and consistently holds about 8% of the world’s forests.29
Global deforestation is a significant threat, but it’s not a threat in the U.S. and should not be conflated with U.S forestry practices. Timberland growing stock volume in the U.S. has increased by 60% since 1953, from 615 billion to 985 billion cubic feet, even though U.S. timberland area increased by only 1%.30
Sustainably produced wood has the lowest carbon footprint of any structural building material. Wood products not only take less energy to manufacture than other more energy-intensive materials; they store carbon long term over their useful lifetime (which varies depending on the end product). When looking at the carbon storage for a given acre of working forestland, if you include long- and short-lived products, and then credit for substituting wood for more emissions-intensive materials—the benefits are often higher with continued harvest than leaving it to grow.31
That is not to say that all forests should be managed to produce timber. Across a landscape, forests should serve different purposes. Some should be managed intensively for wood products and some should be managed as forests with exceptional conservation value.